MOA of some common drugs

MOA of some common drugs

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1.Nalidixic Acid-Prevent DNA sysnthesis


2.Dapsone-Folic acid sysnthesis inhibitor


3.Vinca alkaloid-Mitotic Spindle formation prevention


4.anthracycline-Intercalation of DNA


5.Methotraxate- Folic acid reductase inhibitor.


6.Warfarin-Vit k antagonist


7.Zidovudine- Inhibits the enzyme reverse tranascriptase ,preventing DNA replication 


8.Metronidazole- disruption of helical structure of DNA


9.Tetracycline- Inhibits Protein smyntheses by acting on 30 S unit of ribosome


10.Erythromycin- Inhibits Protein smyntheses by acting on 50 S unit of ribosome


11.Chloroquine- Binds and alters properties of microbial and fungal DNA


12.Diazepam- GABA facilitator


13.Acetazolamide- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor


14.Allopurinol- Xanthine oxidase inhibitor,inhibitor of uric acid


15.Fluconalzole- P450 enzyme 14α-demethylase Inhibitor


16.Salbutamol-Beta 2 receptor agonist


17.Tolnaftate- Inhibit squalene epoxidase which is necessray for ergosteral syns of fungal 
cell wall


18.Griesofulvin-inhibits fungal cell wall activity


19.Chloramphenicol-Inhibition of Protein syntheses


20.Levodopa- Replenish Brain deleted dopamine

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Short cuts for GPAT

Short cuts for GPAT

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  • Short cuts for GPAT AND
    Busulfan feature : ABCDEF
    Alkylating agent
    Bone marrow suppression
    CML Indication
    Dark skin(hyperpigmentation)
    Endocrine insufficiency(adrenal)
    Fibrosis

    Drugs causing Torsades de Pointes:APACHE
    Amiodarone
    Procainamide
    Arsenium
    Cisapride
    Haloperidol
    Erythromycin

    Morphine side effects :MORPHINE
    Myosis
    Out of it(sedation)
    Respiratory depression
    Pneumonia(aspiration)
    Hypotension
    Infrequency(constipation,urinary retention)
    Nausea
    Emesis

    Aspirin side effects :ASPIRIN
    Asthma
    Salicylism
    Peptic ulcer disease/phosphorylation-oxidation uncoupling/platelet disaggregation
    Intestinal blood loss
    Reye's Syndrome
    Idiosyncracy
    Noise(tinnitus)

    SSRIs side effects :SSRI
    Seratonin syndrome
    Stimulate CNS
    Reproductive disfunction in male
    Insomnia

    Inhalation anesthetics : SHINE
    Sevoflane
    Halothane
    Isoflurane
    Nitrous oxide
    Enflurane

    Teratogenic drugs :"Win TERATogenic
    Warfarin
    Thalidomide
    Epileptic drugs:Phenytoin,Valproate,Carbamazepine
    Retinoid
    ACE inhibitor
    Third element :Lithium

    Gynaecomastia causing drugs:DISCOS
    Digoxin
    Isoniazid
    Spironolactone
    Cimetidine
    Oestrogens
    Stilboestrol

    Methyldopa Side effects :METHYLDOPA
    Mental retardation
    Electrolyte imbalance
    Tolerance
    Headache/ Hepatotoxicity
    psYcological upset
    Lactation in female
    Dry mouth
    Oedema
    Parkinsonism

    Antirheumatic agents :CHAMP
    Cyclophosphamide
    Hydroxycloroquine and choloroquinine 
    Auranofin and other gold compounds
    Methotrexate
    Penicillamine

    Phenytoin: adverse effects PHENYTOIN
     P-450 interactions
    Hirsutism
    Enlarged gums
    Nystagmus
    Yellow-browning of skin
    Teratogenicity
    Osteomalacia
    Interference with B12 metabolism (hence anemia)
    Neuropathies: vertigo, ataxia, and headache

    Sodium Valproate side effccts VALPROATE
    Vomiting
    Alopecia
    Liver toxicity
    Pancreatitis/ Pancytopenia
    Retention of fats (weight gain)
    Oedema (peripheral oedema)
    Appetite increase
    Tremor
    Enzyme inducer (liver)

    Amiodarone: action, side effects: 6 P's:
    Prolongs action potential duration
    Photosensitivity
    Pigmentation of skin
    Peripheral neuropathy
    Pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis
    Peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 is inhibited -> hypothyroidism

    Antiparkinson Drugs :SALAD
    Selegiline
    Anticholinenergics (trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, ophenadrine)
    L-Dopa + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa, benserazide)
    Amantadine
    Dopamine postsynaptic receptor agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide)


    Therapeutic Index Formula TILE
                  TI = LD / ED

    Anti epeleptic drugs Dr.BHAISAB's New PC.
    Deoxy barbiturates
    Barbiturates
    Hydantoin
    Aliphatic carb acids
    Iminostilbenes
    Succinimides
    BZD's
    Newer drugs
    Phenyltriazines
    Cyclic gaba analogues

    Adverse effects of Tetracyclines-KAPIL DEV 
    Kidney toxicity
    Antianabolic effect
    Phototoxicity
    Liver toxicity
    Diabetes insipidus

    CAPTOPRIL Side effects CAPTOPRIL
    Cough Angioedema
    Agranulocystosis
    Proteinuria/ Potassium excess
    Taste changes
    Orthostatic hypotension
    Pregnancy contraindication/ Pancreatitis/ Pressure drop (first dose hypertension)
    Renal failure (and renal artery stenosis contraindication)/ Rash
    Indomethacin inhibition
    Leukopenia/Liver toxicity

    Lithium: side effects LITH
     Leukocytosis
    Insipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria]
    Tremor/ Teratogenesis
    Hypothyroidism

    Myocardial Infarction(MI): signs and symptoms PULSE
     Persistent chest pains
    Upset stomach
    Lightheadedness
    Shortness of breath
    Excessive sweating

    MI: basic management BOOMAR
     Bed rest
    Oxygen
    Opiate
    Monitor
    Anticoagulate
    Reduce clot size

    Treatment of Heart Failure: ABCDE
    ACE inhibitors
    Beta-blockers
    Calcium channel blockers
    Diuretics
    Endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitors

    Essential Amino acids

    My True Love Is Throug Valentine Love Phrases
    Methionine
    Threonine
    Leucine
    Isoleucine
    Tryptophan
    Valine
    Lysine
    Phenyl alanine
  • Edit
     Preparation of media and cultures Culture media..
    Preparation of media and cultures
    Culture media
    The method for the preparation of basic microbiology media is given below. In situations where preparation is uneconomic in time, prepared, sterilized media (liquid and solid) are available from the major school science equipment suppliers. Sterilization is at 121 °C (15 lb in ˉ²) for 15 minutes. ...
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  • Edit
     Few Important Phytochemical Tests
    1. Carbohydrates :BOMBS
    • Barfoed's Test
    • Osazone formation Test
    • Molisch Test
    • Benedict Test
    • Salvinoff's Test

    2.   Proteins : HHH( a wrestler) MCBX (type of magnet)
    • Heat Test
    • Hydrolysis Test
    • Hopkins-cole Test
    • Millon's Test
    • Csytine Test
    • Biuret Test
    • Xanthoproteic Test

    3. Cardiac Glycosides: BENGAL LIKE KOLKATTA KNIGHT RIDERS

    • Baljet Test
    • Legal Test
    • Keller Killiani Test
    • Kedde's Test
    • Raymond's Test
    4. Alkaloids : Dr.Prasad's Adore HMT Watch

    • Dragondroff's Test
    • Procalonic acid Test
    • Amonnia reniket Test
    • Hager's Test
    • Mayer's Test
    • Tannic acid Test
    • Wagner's Test
    5.Tannins : Very Good Female PG College Classes

    • Vanillin HCL Test
    • Gelatin Test
    • Ferric Chloride Test
    • Phenazone Test
    • Gold-beaters Test
    • Catechin Test
    • Chloroacetic acid Test
    6.  Anthraquinone Glycosides :BUMP

    • Borntrager's Test
    • UV Test
    • Modified Borntrager's Test
    • Pottasium Hydroxide Test

    7.Amino acids : EVM Has New Polling Strategies,Still Few Says X-manual voting was Correct
    • Ehrlich reaction
    • Van Slyke
    • Millon reaction
    • Hopkins-cole reaction
    • Ninhydrin test
    • Pauly's test
    • Sagakuchi Test
    • Sulfur Test
    • Folin Coicalteau's Test
    • Sullivan reaction 
    • Xanthoproteic reaction
    • Cystine test

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Anti-Parkinson Drugs

Anti-Parkinson Drugs

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*Anti-Parkinson Drugs:-
-Amantadine
-Apomorphine
-Benztropine
-Cabidopa
-levodopa
-pramipexol
-selegiline
-rasagiline
-entacapone

*Parkinson's Disease:-Parkinsonism is a progressive neurological disorder of muscle movement, characterized by tremors, muscular rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness in initiating and carrying out voluntary movements), and postural and gait abnormalities. Most cases involve people over the age of 65, among whom the incidence is about 1 in 100 individuals.

****************************************************************************

*Levodopa And Carbidopa:

1.Mechanism Of Action:-
     (a) Levodopa:Because parkinsonism results from insufficient dopamine in specific regions of the brain, attempts have been made to replenish the dopamine deficiency. Dopamine itself does not cross the blood-brain barrier, but its immediate precursor, levodopa, is actively transported into the CNS and is converted to dopamine in the brain (see Figure 8.7). Large doses of levodopa are required, because much of the drug is decarboxylated to dopamine in the periphery, resulting in side effects that include nausea, vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias, and hypotension.

      (b)Carbidopa:The effects of levodopa on the CNS can be greatly enhanced by coadministering carbidopa [kar-bi-DOE-pa], a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor that does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Carbidopa diminishes the metabolism of levodopa in the gastrointestinal tract and peripheral tissues; thus, it increases the availability of levodopa to the CNS. The addition of carbidopa lowers the dose of levodopa needed by four- to five-fold and, consequently, decreases the severity of the side effects arising from peripherally formed dopamine.

2.Actions:Levodopa decreases the rigidity, tremors, and other symptoms of parkinsonism.

3.Therapeutic uses: Levodopa in combination with carbidopa is a potent and efficacious drug regimen currently available to treat Parkinson's disease. In approximately two-thirds of patients with Parkinson's disease, levodopa+carbidopa treatment substantially reduces the severity of the disease for the first few years of treatment. Patients then typically experience a decline in response during the third to fifth year of therapy.

4.Absorption and metabolism: The drug is absorbed rapidly from the small intestine (when empty of food). Levodopa has an extremely short half-life (1 to 2 hours), which causes fluctuations in plasma concentration.
Thus, levodopa should be taken on an empty stomach, typically 45 minutes before a meal.

5.Adverse effects:
           *Peripheral effects: Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting occur because of stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla.Tachycardia and ventricular extra systoles result from dopaminergic action on the heart. Hypotension may also develop.
      
           *CNS effects: Visual and auditory hallucinations and abnormal involuntary movements (dyskinesias) may occur. These CNS effects are the opposite of parkinsonian symptoms and reflect the overactivity of dopamine at receptors in the basal ganglia. Levodopa can also cause mood changes, depression, psychosis, and anxiety.

6.Interactions:
-The vitamin pyridoxine (B6) increases the peripheral breakdown of levodopa and diminishes its effectiveness.

-Concomitant administration of levodopa and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, such as phenelzine, can produce a hypertensive crisis caused by enhanced catecholamine production.

*************************************************************************

*Selegiline and rasagiline:
    -Selegiline  also called deprenyl, selectively inhibits MAO Type B (which metabolizes dopamine) at low to moderate doses but does not inhibit MAO Type A (which metabolizes norepinephrine and serotonin) unless given at above recommended doses, where it loses its selectivity. By thus decreasing the metabolism of dopamine, selegiline has been found to increase dopamine levels in the brain. Therefore, it enhances the actions of levodopa when these drugs are administered together.
    -However, if selegiline is administered at high doses, the selectivity of the drug is lost, and the patient is at risk for severe hypertension.
    -Selegiline is metabolized to methamphetamine and amphetamine, whose stimulating properties may produce insomnia if the drug is administered later than midafternoon
      -Rasagiline, an irreversible and selective inhibitor of brain (MAO) Type B, has five times the potency of selegiline. Unlike selegiline, it is not metabolized to an amphetamine-like substance.

**************************************************
*Amantadine:
-It was accidentally discovered that the antiviral drug amantadine, which is effective in the treatment of influenza, has an antiparkinsonism action.
-Amantadine has several effects on a number of neurotransmitters implicated in causing parkinsonism, including increasing the release of dopamine, blockading cholinergic receptors, and inhibiting the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type of glutamate receptors. Current evidence supports an action at NMDA receptors as the primary action at therapeutic concentrations.
-The drug may cause restlessness, agitation, confusion, and hallucinations, and at high doses, it may induce acute toxic psychosis.
-Amantadine is less efficacious than levodopa, and tolerance develops more readily. However, amantadine has fewer side effects. The drug has little effect on tremor, but it is more effective than the anticholinergics against rigidity and bradykinesia.

***********************************************

*Dopamine-receptor agonists:
  -Bromocriptine
-Apomorphine
- pramipexole
- ropinirole
- rotigotine

-This group of anti-Parkinson compounds includes bromocriptine, an ergot derivative, and two newer, nonergot drugs, ropinirole, pramipexole and rotigotine.

-These agents have durations of action longer than that of levodopa and, thus, have been effective in patients exhibiting fluctuations in their response to levodopa. 

-Initial therapy with the newer drugs is associated particularly with less risk of developing dyskinesias and motor fluctuations when compared to patients started with levodopa therapy.

-Bromocriptine, pramipexole, and ropinirole are all effective in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease complicated by motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. However, these drugs are ineffective in patients who have shown no therapeutic response to levodopa. 

-Apomorphine is also used in severe and advanced stages of the disease as an injectable dopamine agonist to supplement the oral medications commonly prescribed.

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Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews-Microbiology

Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews-Microbiology

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"Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology" by Richard A Harvey
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | 2nd Edition | ISBN: 0781782155 | 432 pages | chm | 108 Mb

Now in full color, Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology, Second Editionenables rapid review and assimilation of large amounts of complex information about medical microbiology. The book has the hallmark features for which Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews volumes are so popular: an outline format, 450 full-color illustrations, end-of-chapter summaries, review questions, plus an entire section of clinical case studies with full-color illustrations. This edition's medical/clinical focus has been sharpened to provide a high-yield review. Five additional case studies have been included, bringing the total to nineteen. Review questions have been reformatted to comply with USMLE Step 1 style, with clinical vignettes

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Pharmaceutical microbiology by Ashutosh Kar

Pharmaceutical microbiology by Ashutosh Kar

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Pharmaceutical microbiology by Ashutosh Kar
Publisher: New Age International Publishers | ISBN: 8122420621 | edition 2008 Latest | Pages : 382 | 4 MB |

The textbook on `Pharmaceutical Microbiology` has been adequately developed and expanded according to the AICTE- Approved Syllabus-2000 meant for the Pharmacy Degree Programme across all the Indian Universities, and others abroad offering similar curricula.

Specific attention has been duly paid to the presentation of each chapter that essentially includes: brief introduction, theoretical aspects, classification, neat and vivid diagrammatic illustrations of figures-graphics-equipments, lucid explanations, supportive classical examples, and profusely supplemented with explanatory`foot notes`-references in addition to further reading bibliography.

The text content runs over ten chapters that may prove to be of paramount interest and enormous readability not only confined to the B.Pharm., students but also to various M.Sc., academic curricula in such disciplines as: Food Microbiology, Environmental Science, Microbiology etc.

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Pharmacology by Rang and Dale

Pharmacology by Rang and Dale

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Pharmacognosy by treese and Evans

Pharmacognosy by treese and Evans

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'Trease and Evans' is an encyclopedic reference work on pharmacognosy - the study of those natural substances, principally plants, that find a use in medicine. Its popularity and longevity stem from the book's balance between classical (crude and powdered drugs' characterization and examination) and modern (phytochemisty and pharmacology) aspects of this branch of science, as well as the editor's recognition in recent years of the growing importance of complementary medicines, including herbal, homeopathic and aromatherapy

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