Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine Free Ebook Download
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine Free Ebook Download
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Principles of Instrumental Analysis by Skoog, Holler & Crouch
Principles of Instrumental Analysis by Skoog, Holler & Crouch
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Principles of Instrumental Analysis
Details of Book: Principles of Instrumental Analysis
Book: Principles of Instrumental Analysis
Authors: Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch
ISBN-10: 0495012017
ISBN-13: 978-0495012016
Publisher: Brooks Cole
Publication Date: December 6, 2006
Edition: 6th edition
Cipla introduces new pain free screening technology for early detection of breast cancer in India
Cipla introduces new pain free screening technology for early detection of breast cancer in India
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Cipla, one of the leading pharmaceutical companies from India, announces the launch of a breakthrough screening technology in India today called the ‘No Touch Breast Scan (NTBS); ' the first-ever painless, non-invasive and radiation-free breast scanning technique for detecting breast cancer at an early stage. Dr. Shekhar Kulkarni, Consultant Breast Cancer Surgeon, Magnolia Breast Surgery Clinic, Pune said, “Breast cancer is rising rapidly among urban women and is now the most common cancer in cities such as Mumbai and Delhi . Unfortunately most cancers are diagnosed when the disease is advanced leading to low chances of cure. Although Mammography has been available for years it is not used that widely. There are many reasons for it such as lack of awareness, pain and discomfort during the procedure and a concern about repeated exposure to radiation. Welcoming the introduction of NTBS in India , Dr. Rakesh Sinha, Consultant Gynaecologist Surgeon, BEAMS Hospital , Mumbai said, “The No-Touch Breast scan is a painless option for women who wish to get themselves regularly screened. It is of particular use in younger women who have dense breasts and mammography is inconclusive. If a woman shows changes on the NTBS then she is sent for further investigation which includes mammography, sonography etc. At BEAMS Mumbai, of the 41 patients who have undergone the NTBS test, only 1 had to be referred for mammography.”
Thermal imaging has been approved by the FDA several years ago for early diagnosis of breast cancer. With improvements in digital camera technology during the last few years, thermal imaging is fast gaining acceptance. Developed by UE Life Sciences Inc, the ‘No Touch Breast Scan' is the World's first fully computerized ‘thermal imaging technology' with dual IR cameras which can find thermal changes at less than 0.08 deg. C. The NTBS using infrared imaging creates a sophisticated heat-map of the breast without using any radiation. Breast cancer is associated with increased formation of new blood vessels and these show up as 'hot spots' which could indicate a cancerous growth.
At Dr Kulkarni's Magnolia Beauty and Clinic in Pune, the NTBS test was taken by about 165 women and only 12 of them needed further investigation. Mrs. Ambike, an asymptomatic woman who has untaken the NTBS test said, “I had taken a mammography test earlier but it was quite traumatic. With this totally touch-free and quick NTBS test, I would not defer my annual check-up anymore.”
The ‘No-Touch Breast Scan' would be exclusively marketed by Cipla across diagnostic centres and hospitals in India . It has already been installed at BEAMS Hospital , Mumbai and Indore and Magnolia Beauty and Clinic, Pune and would be extended by Cipla on a requirement-basis to over 20 more diagnostic centres or hospitals across India . Addressing the press, Dr. Jaideep Gogtay, Medical Director Cipla said , “Cipla has been working in the area of cancer by manufacturing drugs for the last 20 years but this is for the first time we have taken a step towards focusing on early diagnosis of breast cancer.
There are 3 NTBS machines available in the US , UK , Turkey and Kazakhstan , but women in India would have greater access to this landmark technology and have more control over their breast health.”
The cost of per NTBS test would range between Rs 800 – 1000, depending on the pricing determined individually by the hospitals and centres.
About Cipla:
Cipla laid foundations for the Indian pharmaceutical industry back in 1935 with the vision to make India self-reliant in healthcare. Over the years Cipla has emerged as one of the most respected names not just in India but worldwide. Its state of the art R&D centre has given the country and the world many firsts. This includes the revolutionary AIDS cocktail for less than a dollar a day. With over 40 manufacturing units across the country, Cipla manufactures over 1200 products in 80 therapies.
With a turnover of over US $ 1 billion, Cipla serves doctors and patients in over 183 countries. It has earned a name for maintaining one global standard across all its products and services. Cipla continues to support, improve and save millions of lives with its high-quality drugs and innovative devices. ( www.cipla.com )
Thermal imaging has been approved by the FDA several years ago for early diagnosis of breast cancer. With improvements in digital camera technology during the last few years, thermal imaging is fast gaining acceptance. Developed by UE Life Sciences Inc, the ‘No Touch Breast Scan' is the World's first fully computerized ‘thermal imaging technology' with dual IR cameras which can find thermal changes at less than 0.08 deg. C. The NTBS using infrared imaging creates a sophisticated heat-map of the breast without using any radiation. Breast cancer is associated with increased formation of new blood vessels and these show up as 'hot spots' which could indicate a cancerous growth.
At Dr Kulkarni's Magnolia Beauty and Clinic in Pune, the NTBS test was taken by about 165 women and only 12 of them needed further investigation. Mrs. Ambike, an asymptomatic woman who has untaken the NTBS test said, “I had taken a mammography test earlier but it was quite traumatic. With this totally touch-free and quick NTBS test, I would not defer my annual check-up anymore.”
The ‘No-Touch Breast Scan' would be exclusively marketed by Cipla across diagnostic centres and hospitals in India . It has already been installed at BEAMS Hospital , Mumbai and Indore and Magnolia Beauty and Clinic, Pune and would be extended by Cipla on a requirement-basis to over 20 more diagnostic centres or hospitals across India . Addressing the press, Dr. Jaideep Gogtay, Medical Director Cipla said , “Cipla has been working in the area of cancer by manufacturing drugs for the last 20 years but this is for the first time we have taken a step towards focusing on early diagnosis of breast cancer.
There are 3 NTBS machines available in the US , UK , Turkey and Kazakhstan , but women in India would have greater access to this landmark technology and have more control over their breast health.”
The cost of per NTBS test would range between Rs 800 – 1000, depending on the pricing determined individually by the hospitals and centres.
About Cipla:
Cipla laid foundations for the Indian pharmaceutical industry back in 1935 with the vision to make India self-reliant in healthcare. Over the years Cipla has emerged as one of the most respected names not just in India but worldwide. Its state of the art R&D centre has given the country and the world many firsts. This includes the revolutionary AIDS cocktail for less than a dollar a day. With over 40 manufacturing units across the country, Cipla manufactures over 1200 products in 80 therapies.
With a turnover of over US $ 1 billion, Cipla serves doctors and patients in over 183 countries. It has earned a name for maintaining one global standard across all its products and services. Cipla continues to support, improve and save millions of lives with its high-quality drugs and innovative devices. ( www.cipla.com )
Treating Cancer with Light
Treating Cancer with Light
Posted in Pharma Articles
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By Unknown
New LED Device May Help Advance Photodynamic Therapy for Skin Cancer. Scientists at the University of California, Irvine (UC Irvine), believe so. They're exploring new ways to image cancerous lesions using LEDs that might advance a technique for treating cancer called photodynamic therapy (PDT) -- work that they will describe at the Optical Society’s (OSA) 94th annual meeting, Frontiers in Optics (FiO) 2010 at the Rochester Riverside Convention Center in Rochester, N.Y., from Oct. 24-28.
In PDT, photosensitizing chemicals that absorb light are injected into a tumor, which is then exposed to light. The chemicals generate oxygen radicals from the light energy, destroying the cancer cells. PDT is currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of esophageal and lung cancer.
Rolf Saager, who works in the lab of Anthony Durkin at the Beckman Laser Institute at UC Irvine in collaboration with Kristen Kelly, M.D., and Modulated Imaging Inc., believes that PDT could also be used to treat skin cancer. But one obstacle to this application is the lack of a detailed imaging technique to target and monitor the effectiveness of PDT.
Exploiting a technique known as spatial frequency domain imaging, the team has designed a new device with an array of five different colors of LEDs that illuminates skin with distinct intensity patterns. These patterns can change depending on the structure of the tissue and the pigments in the skin. With appropriate models of light propagation, the resulting images reveal the biochemistry of the tissue.
"Through this imaging modality, it is now possible to assess how the therapeutic light will travel throughout the affected tissue, quantify the drug present within the lesion and monitor its efficacy during treatment," says Saager.
To evaluate this spatial frequency domain imaging system, the scientists imaged a small population of skin cancers prior to treatment to characterize the variability among subjects and within the lesions themselves. The process took 5-10 seconds and produced images with a resolution of 30 microns, revealing spatially resolved maps of the optical properties of the lesions, tissue oxygenation and quantitative distribution of the photosensitizing drug.
Saager and colleagues hope that this imaging technique will provide a better map for targeting and optimizing photodynamic therapy for basal cell carcinoma, the most common type of skin cancer. The next step for their ongoing experiment will be to enable the therapeutic aspects of the instrument and monitor the tissue dynamics during PDT treatment regimens.
he talk, "A LED Based Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging System for Optimization of Photodynamic Therapy of Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)" is at 2 p.m. Tuesday, Oct. 26.
About the Meeting
Frontiers in Optics 2010 is OSA’s 94th Annual Meeting and is being held together with Laser Science XXVI, the annual meeting of the American Physical Society (APS) Division of Laser Science (DLS). The two meetings unite the OSA and APS communities for five days of quality, cutting-edge presentations, fascinating invited speakers and a variety of special events spanning a broad range of topics in physics, biology and chemistry. FiO 2010 will also offer a number of Short Courses designed to increase participants’ knowledge of a specific subject while offering the experience of insightful teachers. An exhibit floor featuring leading optics companies will further enhance the meeting.
About OSA
Uniting more than 106,000 professionals from 134 countries, the Optical Society (OSA) brings together the global optics community through its programs and initiatives. Since 1916 OSA has worked to advance the common interests of the field, providing educational resources to the scientists, engineers and business leaders who work in the field by promoting the science of light and the advanced technologies made possible by optics and photonics. OSA publications, events, technical groups and programs foster optics knowledge and scientific collaboration among all those with an interest in optics and photonics. For more information, visit www.osa.org.
Rolf Saager, who works in the lab of Anthony Durkin at the Beckman Laser Institute at UC Irvine in collaboration with Kristen Kelly, M.D., and Modulated Imaging Inc., believes that PDT could also be used to treat skin cancer. But one obstacle to this application is the lack of a detailed imaging technique to target and monitor the effectiveness of PDT.
Exploiting a technique known as spatial frequency domain imaging, the team has designed a new device with an array of five different colors of LEDs that illuminates skin with distinct intensity patterns. These patterns can change depending on the structure of the tissue and the pigments in the skin. With appropriate models of light propagation, the resulting images reveal the biochemistry of the tissue.
"Through this imaging modality, it is now possible to assess how the therapeutic light will travel throughout the affected tissue, quantify the drug present within the lesion and monitor its efficacy during treatment," says Saager.
To evaluate this spatial frequency domain imaging system, the scientists imaged a small population of skin cancers prior to treatment to characterize the variability among subjects and within the lesions themselves. The process took 5-10 seconds and produced images with a resolution of 30 microns, revealing spatially resolved maps of the optical properties of the lesions, tissue oxygenation and quantitative distribution of the photosensitizing drug.
Saager and colleagues hope that this imaging technique will provide a better map for targeting and optimizing photodynamic therapy for basal cell carcinoma, the most common type of skin cancer. The next step for their ongoing experiment will be to enable the therapeutic aspects of the instrument and monitor the tissue dynamics during PDT treatment regimens.
he talk, "A LED Based Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging System for Optimization of Photodynamic Therapy of Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)" is at 2 p.m. Tuesday, Oct. 26.
About the Meeting
Frontiers in Optics 2010 is OSA’s 94th Annual Meeting and is being held together with Laser Science XXVI, the annual meeting of the American Physical Society (APS) Division of Laser Science (DLS). The two meetings unite the OSA and APS communities for five days of quality, cutting-edge presentations, fascinating invited speakers and a variety of special events spanning a broad range of topics in physics, biology and chemistry. FiO 2010 will also offer a number of Short Courses designed to increase participants’ knowledge of a specific subject while offering the experience of insightful teachers. An exhibit floor featuring leading optics companies will further enhance the meeting.
About OSA
Uniting more than 106,000 professionals from 134 countries, the Optical Society (OSA) brings together the global optics community through its programs and initiatives. Since 1916 OSA has worked to advance the common interests of the field, providing educational resources to the scientists, engineers and business leaders who work in the field by promoting the science of light and the advanced technologies made possible by optics and photonics. OSA publications, events, technical groups and programs foster optics knowledge and scientific collaboration among all those with an interest in optics and photonics. For more information, visit www.osa.org.
NICE recommends new drug to treat blood clots
NICE recommends new drug to treat blood clots
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By Unknown
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the term used to describe a condition in which a blood clot (a thrombus) forms in a vein and then dislodges to travel in the blood (an embolus). A venous thrombus most commonly occurs in the deep veins of the legs or pelvis; this is called deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Blood flow through the affected vein can be limited by the clot, and it can cause swelling and pain in the leg. If the thrombus dislodges and travels to the lungs, this can lead to a potentially fatal pulmonary embolism (PE) when the clot blocks the blood supply to the lungs. Other complications of DVT include post-thrombotic syndrome, a chronic disorder that may include symptoms such as pain, heaviness, swelling, cramps, itching or tingling, increased skin pigmentation and ulceration in the affected limb.
Risk factors for VTE include a history of DVT, recent surgery, immobility, active cancer or cancer treatment, age over 60 years, obesity, hormone replacement therapy or oestrogen containing contraceptive therapy and the presence of co-morbidities such as heart disease. It is estimated that there will be over 46,000 cases of acute DVT in England and Wales during 2012, rising to nearly 50,000 by 2016 due in large part to the aging population.
Treatments for VTE include initiation with injectable anticoagulants such as low-molecular-weight heparin or fondaparinux sodium. Treatment is then overlapped with a vitamin-K antagonist, such as warfarin, until effective anticoagulation with the oral agent is achieved.
Rivaroxaban is an orally administered drug that helps to prevent blood from clotting. It does this by stopping a substance called Factor Xa from working. Factor Xa is necessary in the formation of thrombin and fibrin, the key components in blood clot formation. Duration of treatment with rivaroxaban is based on an assessment of the benefit of anticoagulation compared with the risk of bleeding and usually ranges from 3 to 12 months. Some people with ongoing risk factors for recurrence of VTE need ongoing treatment, possibly for many years or lifelong.
Professor Carole Longson, NICE Health Technology Evaluation Centre Director, said: "For many people, using warfarin is difficult because of the need for regular monitoring with blood tests, dosing adjustments, and the need to be careful about their diet because of warfarin’s interaction with certain foods. Because rivaroxaban does not require frequent blood tests to monitor treatment it represents a potential benefit for many people who have had a DVT, particularly those who have risk factors for recurrence of VTE and who therefore need longer term treatment. We are pleased, therefore, to be able to recommend rivaroxaban as a cost-effective option for treating DVT and preventing recurrent VTE in adults."
The guidance is available (from 25 July) on the NICE website at http://guidance.nice.org.uk/TA261
Benefits of statin therapy may extend beyond lowering lipids
Benefits of statin therapy may extend beyond lowering lipids
Posted in Pharmacology
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By Unknown
People with high cholesterol are at risk of heart attack and stroke because atherosclerotic plaques within their arteries can rupture triggering the formation of a blood clot called an occlusive thrombus that cuts off the blood supply to their heart or brain.
For years, scientists have studied the cause of this abnormal clotting. Now, a study led by researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, has identified a molecular pathway that leads to this abnormal blood clotting and turned it off using a popular class of cholesterol-lowering drugs, statins.
The research was performed using humans, monkeys and mice with highly elevated blood lipid levels. It indicated that elevated levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) induces a molecule called "tissue factor" that triggers clotting. The study appears online in the January 3, 2012 issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation.
"Statins have been shown to have antithrombotic activity in several previous studies. However, I believe our study is the first to elucidate how statins reduce the activation of the blood clotting process independently of their lipid lowering activity, said senior study author Nigel Mackman, PhD, FAHA. Mackman is the John C. Parker Distinguished Professor of Hematology in the Department of Medicine and Director of the UNC McAllister Heart Institute.
Additionally, Mackman noted that statins "only target the 'bad and inducible tissue factor', not the good one used in normal clotting, and therefore should not be associated with the increased bleeding risk that is a typical side effect of anticoagulant drugs currently on the market."
Mackman has spent the last twenty-five years studying tissue factor, the number one initiator of clotting in the body. Tissue factor normally resides outside the blood vessels, only coming into contact with blood after an injury, such as cutting your finger. However, it is expressed at high levels under certain abnormal conditions, such as inside atherosclerotic plaques, and gets turned on in a special subset of blood cells called monocytes. Mackman wondered if this was the cause for the abnormal clotting seen in patients with high cholesterol.
To test his hypothesis, Mackman and his colleagues analyzed humans, monkeys and mice with high cholesterol. They found that all three groups have elevated levels of tissue factor in the circulation. Then the researchers treated the mice and monkeys with simvastatin, a drug widely used to treat high blood cholesterol levels. They showed that simvastatin reduced levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein and circulating tissue factor which normalized coagulation without altering plasma cholesterol levels.
These results suggest that oxidized low density lipoproteins induce tissue factor expression on monocytes and this contributes to formation of an occlusive thrombus after plaque rupture.
"Though statin therapy is primarily prescribed to lower cholesterol, some added benefits are its anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic activities," said Mackman. "In terms of drug development, I think we should be trying to better understand the antithrombotic activities of statins so we can develop safer antithrombotic drugs that target the expression of inducible tissue factor."
Nano-Technology: New Hopes in Cancer Treatment
Nano-Technology: New Hopes in Cancer Treatment
Posted in Cancer, Pharmacology
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By Unknown
Cancer has become a foremost cause of death around the world. Cancer is an extremely complex disease to understand because it entails multiple cellular physiological systems such as cell signaling and apoptosis. However the most cancer treatments are limited to chemotherapy, radiation and surgery. Even in these scopes, different drawback plays major role shortcoming its affectivity. 99% of chemotherapy does not reach the cancer cells, US National Cancer Institute (OTIR, 2006). Moreover poor drug delivery and residence at the target sites reach o significant complications including multi drug-resistance. Radiation therapy is also not specific to cancer cells. Most of the normal cells in the body die at 460 C (1080 F) which limited the extent of affectivity of radiation therapy. And most of times surgery is possible if cancer is detected at early stages.
Nanotechnology has the power to offer solutions to these current obstacles in cancer therapies due to its unique size (1-100 nm) and large surface to volume ratios. Currently, lots of research is going on to design novel nanodevices capable of detecting cancer at its earliest stages, pinpointing its location in the body and delivering anti-cancer drugs specifically to malignant cells. According to OTIR:
“The advent of nanotechnology in cancer research couldn’t have come at a more opportune time. The vast knowledge of cancer genomics and proteomics emerging as a result of the Human Genome Project is providing critically important details of how cancer develops which in turn, creates new opportunities to attack the molecular underpinnings of cancer”.
Nano-devices can swift and sensitive detection of cancer retreated molecules enabling the scientists to detect molecular changes even when they occur in minute percentage of cells. Nano-technology will allow diminution of screening tools which means many tests can be run on a single device making screening faster and cost efficient. Scientists have already succeeded to design such modified nano-particles which allows better drug delivery reducing toxicity and decreasing tumor growth rates. Thus nano-particles allows drug delivery only at certain conditions e.g. pH sensitive allowing drug delivery only at certain pH value, similar to pH value unique in tumor cells. Recently a clinical research showed a significant result reducing tumor growth by 22% without and side-effects due to their high selectivity, where as aqueous solution only had reduced 44%. Furthermore the shelf life of nano-particles carrying drugs are also more than the usual.
Nanotechnology will radically change the way we diagnose, treat and prevent cancer to help meet the goal of eliminating suffering and death from the cancer. It will provide the technical tools which will enable those developing new diagnostics, therapeutics and prevention. With nano-medicine we might be able to stop cancer even before it develops.
Author: Santanu Mahiuddin, B.Pharm, M.Sc. (UK), Quality Control Officer, Novartis Bangladesh Limited.
Nanotechnology has the power to offer solutions to these current obstacles in cancer therapies due to its unique size (1-100 nm) and large surface to volume ratios. Currently, lots of research is going on to design novel nanodevices capable of detecting cancer at its earliest stages, pinpointing its location in the body and delivering anti-cancer drugs specifically to malignant cells. According to OTIR:
“The advent of nanotechnology in cancer research couldn’t have come at a more opportune time. The vast knowledge of cancer genomics and proteomics emerging as a result of the Human Genome Project is providing critically important details of how cancer develops which in turn, creates new opportunities to attack the molecular underpinnings of cancer”.
Nano-devices can swift and sensitive detection of cancer retreated molecules enabling the scientists to detect molecular changes even when they occur in minute percentage of cells. Nano-technology will allow diminution of screening tools which means many tests can be run on a single device making screening faster and cost efficient. Scientists have already succeeded to design such modified nano-particles which allows better drug delivery reducing toxicity and decreasing tumor growth rates. Thus nano-particles allows drug delivery only at certain conditions e.g. pH sensitive allowing drug delivery only at certain pH value, similar to pH value unique in tumor cells. Recently a clinical research showed a significant result reducing tumor growth by 22% without and side-effects due to their high selectivity, where as aqueous solution only had reduced 44%. Furthermore the shelf life of nano-particles carrying drugs are also more than the usual.
Nanotechnology will radically change the way we diagnose, treat and prevent cancer to help meet the goal of eliminating suffering and death from the cancer. It will provide the technical tools which will enable those developing new diagnostics, therapeutics and prevention. With nano-medicine we might be able to stop cancer even before it develops.
Author: Santanu Mahiuddin, B.Pharm, M.Sc. (UK), Quality Control Officer, Novartis Bangladesh Limited.
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